VAT Calculator
Add VAT to a net price or strip it from a gross price at any rate, with the VAT amount shown. Defaults to the UK's 20% and lists standard EU rates.
VAT Calculator: with the default inputs, result is 120.
Net price if adding VAT; the VAT-inclusive price if removing it.
UK standard 20% (reduced 5%). EU standard rates run 17–27%: Germany 19, France 20, Spain 21, Italy 22, Ireland 23. See the table.
Gross price when adding VAT; net price when removing it.
- VAT amount
- 20
- Net (excluding VAT)
- 100
- Gross (including VAT)
- 120
- VAT as a share of the gross price
- 16.67%The 'VAT fraction' — at 20% it's 1/6 (16.67%) of the gross.
Assumptions
- A single rate applied to the whole amount; mixed-rate invoices need each line worked separately.
- Rates in the table are the standard rates published by each national authority as of the review date.
| Country | Standard rate | Reduced / zero rates |
|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 20% | 5% (energy, child car seats); 0% (most food, books, children's clothes) |
| Ireland | 23% | 13.5%, 9%, 4.8%, 0% |
| Germany | 19% | 7% (food, books, transport) |
| France | 20% | 10%, 5.5%, 2.1% |
| Spain | 21% | 10%, 4% |
| Italy | 22% | 10%, 5%, 4% |
| Netherlands | 21% | 9% |
| Belgium | 21% | 12%, 6% |
| Sweden | 25% | 12%, 6% |
| Denmark | 25% | none |
Standard rates as published by the national tax authorities; reduced rates apply to specific goods and services. Reviewed 2026-09-08 — confirm with the relevant authority before filing.
| Rate | VAT | Gross | Net |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5% | 5 | 105 | 100 |
| 7% | 7 | 107 | 100 |
| 10% | 10 | 110 | 100 |
| 15% | 15 | 115 | 100 |
| 19% | 19 | 119 | 100 |
| 20% | 20 | 120 | 100 |
| 21% | 21 | 121 | 100 |
| 23% | 23 | 123 | 100 |
| 25% | 25 | 125 | 100 |
How this is worked out
The formula
Add VAT: gross = net × (1 + rate) VAT = net × rate Remove VAT: net = gross ÷ (1 + rate) VAT = gross − net VAT fraction of the gross price = rate ÷ (1 + rate) (20% → 1/6)
Open How it’s calculated above to see this worked through with your own numbers.
What you enter
- I want to
- Choose one of 2 options.Add VAT to a net (ex-VAT) amount · Remove VAT from a gross (inc-VAT) amount
- Amount
- Net price if adding VAT; the VAT-inclusive price if removing it.0 or more · defaults to 100
- VAT rate
- UK standard 20% (reduced 5%). EU standard rates run 17–27%: Germany 19, France 20, Spain 21, Italy 22, Ireland 23. See the table.a percentage · from 0 to 100 · defaults to 20
What you get back
- Resultmain answer
- Gross price when adding VAT; net price when removing it.
- VAT amount
- Net (excluding VAT)
- Gross (including VAT)
- VAT as a share of the gross price
- The 'VAT fraction' — at 20% it's 1/6 (16.67%) of the gross.
What this assumes
- A single rate applied to the whole amount; mixed-rate invoices need each line worked separately.
- Rates in the table are the standard rates published by each national authority as of the review date.
About this calculator
Value-added tax is charged as a percentage on top of the net price, so adding it is one multiplication. Taking it back out of a VAT-inclusive price is where people slip: you divide by 1.20, not multiply by 0.80. Twenty percent off £120 is £96; the ex-VAT price is £100. This calculator does both directions correctly and shows the VAT amount so you can check an invoice or a receipt.
Adding VAT
Net price × (1 + rate). At the UK standard rate of 20%, a £100 quote becomes £120. Businesses that are VAT-registered must quote and invoice with VAT shown separately; consumer prices must be displayed VAT-inclusive.
Removing VAT ("working backwards")
Gross price ÷ (1 + rate). A £120 receipt at 20% contains £100 net and £20 of VAT. The VAT is one-sixth of the gross, not one-fifth — HMRC calls 1/6 the "VAT fraction" for the standard rate (it's 1/21 for the 5% reduced rate). Registered businesses reclaim this input VAT, which is why they care about the split on every purchase.
Which rate?
The default 20% is the UK standard rate. EU member states set their own standard rates, all 17% or higher: Germany 19%, France 20%, Spain 21%, Italy 22%, Ireland 23%, Sweden and Denmark 25%, Hungary 27%. Most countries also have reduced rates for food, books, children's items, energy or hospitality, and zero-rated or exempt categories — the table lists the headline figures, but the rate that applies depends on what's being sold and where. Outside Europe, the same tax is usually called GST (Australia 10%, New Zealand 15%, Canada 5% federal plus provincial tax, India 5–28% by category). The US has no VAT; see the sales-tax calculator instead.
Reading the results
The Result is the number you asked for — gross when adding, net when removing — with the VAT amount alongside. The second table shows the same amount at other common rates, which is useful when a supplier is in a different country or when a reduced rate might apply. Amounts are shown without a currency symbol because VAT is charged in pounds, euros, rupees and dollars alike.
Frequently asked questions
▸How do I add 20% VAT to a price?
Multiply the net price by 1.2. £100 becomes £120. The VAT itself is the net price × 0.2 = £20.
▸How do I remove VAT from a price?
Divide the gross price by 1 + the rate. At 20%, divide by 1.2: £120 ÷ 1.2 = £100 net, £20 VAT. Don't subtract 20% — that gives the wrong answer (£96).
▸What is the VAT fraction?
The share of a VAT-inclusive price that is VAT: rate ÷ (1 + rate). At 20% it's 1/6, at 5% it's 1/21, at 25% it's 1/5. Multiply a gross price by the fraction to get the VAT directly.
▸What are the current VAT rates in the UK?
Standard 20%, reduced 5% (home energy, child car seats, some renovations) and zero 0% (most food, books, children's clothes, public transport). Some things, like insurance and postage stamps, are exempt rather than zero-rated.
▸Is GST the same as VAT?
Economically yes — both are taxes on value added, charged at each stage and reclaimed by businesses. Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India and Singapore call it GST; Europe, the UK and most of the rest of the world say VAT.
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